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Exposure to radiation can lead to various health issues, one of which is leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow and is known to be associated with exposure to ionizing radiation. This type of radiation can damage the DNA in cells, leading to mutations that can trigger the uncontrolled growth of cells, characteristic of cancer.

The link between radiation exposure and leukemia has been well-documented through research, particularly studies involving survivors of atomic bomb explosions and individuals who have received radiation therapy. The risk factors associated with leukemia from radiation depend on the dose and duration of the exposure, alongside other individual factors.

In contrast to leukemia, asthma is primarily related to genetic and environmental factors, diabetes is typically associated with metabolic issues rather than radiation exposure, and Alzheimer's disease is linked to age and neurodegenerative processes rather than external factors like radiation. Thus, among the choices, leukemia is the recognized disease most closely associated with radiation exposure.